ISPOR Europe 2022 -- Traditionally, tumors have been treated based on their site of origin rather than their specific characteristics.

ISPOR Europe 2022 -- China's near-universal drug coverage has limitations due to high out-of-pocket costs for patients and poor coverage of innovative, premium-priced medicines. To increase access to high-cost innovative drugs, national drug price negotiations were introduced in 2015.

ISPOR Europe 2022 -- Patient engagement in health technology assessment (HTA) appraisals is important to identify unmet needs, ensure the authorisation of safe and effective treatments and enhance the implementation of patient-centered care leading to better health outcomes.

ISPOR Europe 2022 -- Observational studies are not controlled and are subject to confounding factors that could influence outcomes.

ISPOR Europe 2022 -- In 2013, NICE introduced the HST pathway, an alternative to the standard NICE evaluation aimed specifically at technologies for very rare conditions. The pathway considers a broader range of criteria about the benefits and costs than is the case with its appraisals of mainstream drugs and treatments.

ISPOR Europe 2022 -- Immortal time arises when the determination of a patient's treatment status involves a waiting period. A bias is introduced when this period is unaccounted for in the assessment of treatment effectiveness and/or safety.

ISPOR Europe 2022 -- Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), such as cell and gene therapies, are often associated with single administration and curative potential in many chronic, life-limiting and life-threatening diseases.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) clinical trials are complex, and, to date, only three compounds have been approved for this condition. There remains some controversy around which outcome measures and endpoints are best for SLE trial design.

SETAC North America 2022 -- Fish bioconcentration or biomagnification studies are carried out to determine whether substances have the potential to bioaccumulate and have potential to biomagnify throughout different trophic levels.

SETAC North America 2022 -- Two significant OECD guidelines for endocrine disruption in non-target organisms are the OECD 231 and OECD 241, both using the test species of Xenopus laevis. Despite these being a model species, they are not a species routinely used in Contract Research Organisations (CROs), as routine testing is unusual in frog species.