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Synonyms
- Adrenalin®, Plasma
- Dopamine, Plasma
- Epinephrine, Plasma
- Noradrenaline, Plasma
- Norepinephrine, Plasma
Test Includes
Plasma catecholamines, fractionated (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine)
Expected Turnaround Time
4 - 6 days
Turnaround time is defined as the usual number of days from the date of pickup of a specimen for testing to when the result is released to the ordering provider. In some cases, additional time should be allowed for additional confirmatory or additional reflex tests. Testing schedules may vary.
Related Documents
Specimen Requirements
Specimen
Plasma, frozen
Volume
3 mL (plasma)
Minimum Volume
2.2 mL (plasma)
Container
Lavender-top (EDTA) tube or green-top (heparin) tube
Collection
Draw blood in lavender-top (EDTA) tube or green-top (heparin) tube. Invert to mix with preservatives. Centrifuge and transfer the plasma to labeled plastic transport tube. Freeze immediately (within one hour after collection) at -20°C and ship frozen. The time between blood collection and the preparation of plasma is quite critical; if the time exceeds one hour, catecholamine values increase (when blood is kept at 4°C) or decrease (when left at 20°C).1 To avoid delays in turnaround time when requesting multiple tests on frozen samples, please submit separate frozen specimens for each test requested.
For more information, refer to the Preservative Quick Reference Chart in Specimen Collection: Urine Specimens.
Storage Instructions
Freeze. After centrifugation, the plasma can be stored up to two hours at room temperature. Sample can be kept for up to two weeks at -20°C.
Patient Preparation
Patient should not be smoking for four to six hours. Walnuts, bananas, and α-methyldopa (Aldomet®) should be avoided for a week prior to sampling. Other drug interference may occur, including epinephrine and epinephrine-like drugs (eg, nosedrops, sinus and cough preparations, bronchodilators, appetite suppressants). Test is unreliable in subjects on levodopa or methenamine mandelate. Avoid patient stress.2 See Limitations. An indwelling heparinized venous catheter is advocated, since venipuncture can cause an increase in the substances for which testing is being done. Patient should remain supine in quiet surroundings for at least 30 minutes.
Causes for Rejection
Specimen not drawn in correct tube; plasma not received frozen; thawed specimen; inadequate patient preparation
Test Details
Use
Diagnose pheochromocytoma and those paragangliomas which may secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, or both. Such tumors may cause paroxysmal or persistent hypertension. Investigation of hypertensive patients, especially younger individuals, particularly when hypertension is paroxysmal, suggesting pheochromocytoma. Plasma catecholamines with urinary metanephrines and VMA are a recommended test battery for pheochromocytoma.3 Others recommend plasma catecholamines when urinary collections are not diagnostic. Work up multiple endocrine adenomatosis, type II. Used also in diagnosis of disorders related to the nervous system and in assessment of resuscitation.4
Limitations
Plasma levels are useful if elevated, especially during or immediately following an episode of hypertension, but false-negatives occur when the specimen is drawn during an uneventful period. Normotensive pheochromocytoma has been reported.5 False-positive results are common. Epinephrine secretion increases in response to cold and hypoglycemia. Drugs which may affect plasma norepinephrine levels include α- and β-adrenergic blockers, vasodilators, clonidine, bromocriptine, theophylline, phenothiazine, tricyclic antidepressants, labetalol, calcium channel blockers, converting enzyme inhibitors, bromocriptine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and cocaine. Plasma catecholamines are less sensitive than are urinary catecholamines.6
Methodology
High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical (EC) detection
Reference Interval
• Norepinephrine, plasma:
− 0 to 1 year: 0−659 pg/mL
− 1 to 18 years: 0−611 pg/mL
− 18 years and older: 0−874 pg/mL
• Epinephrine, plasma:
− 0 to 1 year: 0−34 pg/mL
− 1 to 18 years: 0−80 pg/mL
− 18 years and older: 0−62 pg/mL
• Dopamine, plasma:
− 0 to 1 year: 0−42 pg/mL
− 1 to 18 years: 0−32 pg/mL
− 18 years and older: 0−48 pg/mL
Additional Information
The adrenal medullary catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and their precursor, dopamine) are rapidly metabolized materials with intense vasoactivity, among many other properties. They can be synthesized by extra-adrenal cells or neoplasms of the APUD system. They are pathogenic in the episodic hypertension of pheochromocytoma, and will be elevated during and immediately after such a paroxysm. However, levels may be normal during asymptomatic intervals. Urine catecholamines, metanephrines, VMA, and HVA provide additive information. A clonidine-suppression test has been described; failure to suppress plasma catecholamines with clonidine supports the diagnosis.7-9
Footnotes
1. Boomsma F, Alberts G, van Eijk L, Man in 't Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA. Optimal collection and storage conditions for catecholamine measurements in human plasma and urine. Clin Chem. 1993 Dec; 39(12):2503-2508. 8252722
2. Sheps SG, Jiang NS, Klee GG, van Heerden JA. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma. Mayo Clin Proc. 1990 Jan; 65(1):88-95. 1967325
3. Knight JA, Wu JT. Catecholamines and their metabolites: Clinical and laboratory aspects. Lab Med. 1987; 18:153-158.
4. D'Alesandro MM, Reed HL, Robertson R, et al. Simplified method of collecting and processing whole blood for quantitation of plasma catecholamines. Lab Med. 1990; 26-29.
5. Feldman JM, Blalock JA, Zern RT, et al. Deficiency of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. A new mechanism for normotensive pheochromocytomas. Am J Clin Pathol. 1979 Aug; 72(2):175-185. 474494
6. Rumley A. The in vitro stability of catecholamines in whole blood. Ann Clin Biochem. 1988 Sep; 25(Pt 5):565-586. 3232962
7. Bravo EL, Tarazi RC, Fouad FM, Vidt DG, Gifford RW Jr. Clonidine-suppression test: A useful aid in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. N Engl J Med. 1981 Sep 10; 305(11):623-626. 7266587
8. Landsberg L, Young JB. Pheochromocytoma. In Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Petersdorf RG, et al, eds.Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co;1987:1775-1778.
9. Bravo EL, Gifford RW Jr. Current concepts. Pheochromocytoma: Diagnosis, localization, and management. N Engl J Med. 1984 Nov 15; 311(20):1298-1303 (review). 6149463
LOINC® Map
| Order Code | Order Code Name | Order Loinc | Result Code | Result Code Name | UofM | Result LOINC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 084152 | Catecholamines, Plasma | 34551-2 | 081471 | Norepinephrine, Pl | pg/mL | 2666-6 |
| 084152 | Catecholamines, Plasma | 34551-2 | 081489 | Epinephrine, Pl | pg/mL | 2230-1 |
| 084152 | Catecholamines, Plasma | 34551-2 | 081497 | Dopamine, Pl | pg/mL | 2216-0 |
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