Test Details
Methodology
Inoculation of specimen into cell cultures, incubation of cultures, observation for characteristic cytopathic effect, and identification by DFA or other methods
Result Turnaround Time
9 - 12 days
Turnaround time is defined as the usual number of days from the date of pickup of a specimen for testing to when the result is released to the ordering provider. In some cases, additional time should be allowed for additional confirmatory or additional reflex tests. Testing schedules may vary.
Test Includes
Based on specimen source, viruses to be detected by cytopathic effect and/or antibody staining include adenovirus, CMV, enteroviruses, HSV, influenza, parainfluenza, RSV and V-Z cell culture; identification (additional charges/CPT code[s] may apply) by fluorescent antibody or other methods if culture results warrant. CPT coding for microbiology and virology procedures often cannot be determined before the culture is performed.
Use
Aid in the diagnosis of viral diseases (eg, conjunctivitis, congenital viral infections, keratitis, chickenpox, shingles, viral pneumonia, and diseases characterized by skin vesicles and rashes)
Special Instructions
Submit one specimen per test requested. Specify the exact specimen source/origin (eg, genital lesion). Indicate a specific test number on the request form. Age of patient, relevant vaccinations, and pertinent clinical history are helpful. Whenever a viral etiology is suspected and whenever appropriate, acute and convalescent serum should be collected for viral serology tests.
Limitations
Many common viruses cannot be recovered in viral culture. A negative viral culture result does not preclude viral infection. Examples of viruses that are not routinely recovered in culture include: Coxsackie A virus, hepatitis viruses, arboviruses, parvoviruses, human papillomaviruses and gastrointestinal viruses (rotavirus, coronavirus, calicivirus, astrovirus, sapovirus and norovirus).
Positive cultures may be sent to state health departments for specific virus identification.
*HSV is rarely recovered from CSF in encephalitis. PCR for HSV is available by ordering Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Types 1/2, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), DNA PCR [139800].
*Testing for Mumps virus from buccal swabs is available by ordering Mumps, PCR, Swab [140283].
*Testing for Measles virus from NP swabs and/or urine is available by ordering test Measles (Rubeola), PCR, Swab [140470] or Measles (Rubeola), PCR, Urine [140515].
References
Custom Additional Information
Give date of onset of illness, date of collection and brief clinical description or the provisional diagnosis. For example, does the patient have a rash, a respiratory illness or neurological symptoms?
Viral cultures: Specimens should be collected in the acute stage of the illness, kept moist and refrigerated immediately. Stool specimens should not be placed into viral transport medium or frozen. Spinal fluid and throat washings must be kept cold and must not be frozen. Swabs of lesions or of throat should be rinsed immediately into 1 or 2 mL of viral transport medium; preferably, the swab should be broken off into the medium and sent in the medium to the laboratory. Autopsy material should be collected in sterile containers. Urine specimens for CMV culture must not be frozen; they should be packed with an ice pack or snow gel, but not with dry ice.
Specimen Requirements
Specimen
Blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), dermal, ocular, genital, mucosal, oral, rectal, respiratory, stool, tissue, urine or biopsy
Specimen | Virus* |
|---|---|
*Abbreviations: | |
HSV − herpes simplex virus | |
CMV − cytomegalovirus | |
VZV − varicella-zoster virus | |
RSV − respiratory syncytial virus | |
†Enteroviruses: coxsackie virus, poliovirus, echovirus and enterovirus | |
‡Rarely isolated | |
§Usually in immunocompromised hosts | |
Blood | CMV, enteroviruses†,‡, HSV‡, VZV‡ |
CSF and CNS tissues | Enteroviruses, mumps virus, HSV‡, CMV |
Dermal lesions | HSV, VZV, adenovirus, enteroviruses |
Eye | HSV, VZV, adenovirus, enteroviruses, CMV |
Genital | HSV, CMV |
Mucosal | HSV, VZV |
Oral | HSV, VZV |
Rectal | HSV, VZV, enterovirus |
Respiratory tract | |
upper | Adenovirus, rhinovirus, influenza, parainfluenza, enteroviruses, RSV, reovirus, HSV |
lower | Adenovirus, influenza, parainfluenza, RSV, CMV§ |
Stool | Enteroviruses, adenoviruses |
Tissues | CMV, HSV, enteroviruses |
Urine | CMV, adenovirus, enteroviruses |
Volume
1 mL fluid or one swab in viral transport
Container
Viral, Chlamydia, or Mycoplasma culture transport provided by Labcorp, or other appropriate transport medium; sterile screw-cap tube or container for fluids, feces, nasal washings, urine or biopsy (no preservative); green-top (heparin) tube for blood, bone marrow and buffy coat
Collection Instructions
Specimen should be collected during the acute phase of the disease as follows:
Blood: Collect 5 mL whole blood into a heparinized tube; sodium heparin preferred. Send at room temperature.
Cerebrospinal fluid: Collect 1 mL CSF aseptically in a sterile dry screw-cap vial. Refrigerate immediately.
Skin lesions: Open the vesicle and absorb exudate into a dry swab and/or vigorously scrape base of freshly exposed lesion with a swab to obtain cells that contain viruses. If enough vesicle fluid is available, aspirate the fluid with a fine gauge needle and tuberculin syringe, and place the fluid into cold viral transport medium. Use viral swabs for specimen collection. Refrigerate immediately.
Eye swab or scraping: Use a viral swab to collect conjunctival material. Take conjunctival scrapings with a fine sterile spatula and transfer the scraping to a viral transport medium. Refrigerate immediately.
Genital swab: See skin. Refrigerate immediately.
Rectal swab: Insert a sterile swab 2” to 4” into the rectum and rub the mucosa. Swab may be placed into cold virus transport medium. Refrigerate immediately.
Throat swab: Carefully rub the posterior wall of the nasopharynx with a dry, sterile swab. Avoid touching the tongue or buccal mucosa. Place swab in viral transport tube.
Feces: Collect 4 to 8 g of feces (about the size of a thumbnail) and place in a clean, screw-cap container. Do not dilute the specimen or use preservatives. Viral swab is acceptable. Refrigerate immediately.
Tissue: Use a fresh set of sterile instruments to collect each tissue. Place each specimen in its own dry, sterile nontoxic screw-cap container. To prevent the tissue from drying out, add a small amount of viral transport medium to the container. Identify each tissue with the patient's name, type of tissue, and date collected. Refrigerate immediately.
Urine: Collect clean-catch, midstream urine in a screw-cap, sterile, plastic container. Refrigerate immediately.
Reference Range
No virus isolated
Storage Instructions
All specimen types except blood must be kept cold and moist (refrigerated). Blood: Stored and transported at room temperature.
Causes for Rejection
Bacterial swab specimen; specimen received in grossly leaking transport container; dry specimen; specimen submitted in fixative or additive; specimen received in expired transport media or incorrect or non-validated transport device; inappropriate specimen transport conditions; specimen received after prolonged delay in transport (usually more than 72 hours); specimen types other than blood stored or transported at room temperature; wooden shaft swab in transport device; unlabeled specimen or name discrepancy between specimen and request label; hemolyzed blood sample
LOINC® Map
| Order Code | Order Code Name | Order Loinc | Result Code | Result Code Name | UofM | Result LOINC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 008573 | Viral Culture, General | 6584-7 | 008573 | Viral Culture, General | 6584-7 | |
| Order Code | 008573 | |||||
| Order Code Name | Viral Culture, General | |||||
| Order Loinc | 6584-7 | |||||
| Result Code | 008573 | |||||
| Result Code Name | Viral Culture, General | |||||
| UofM | ||||||
| Result LOINC | 6584-7 |